Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are more than just short-term infections that can be cleared with antibiotics or antiviral medication. Left untreated, some STDs can lead to long-term health consequences, including infertility. Yet, myths and misconceptions about this connection abound. For anyone planning a family in the future or simply looking to maintain their reproductive health, understanding how STDs affect fertility is crucial.

How Do STDs Affect Fertility?

STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhoea are among the most common infections linked to infertility. These bacterial infections can cause inflammation and scarring in the reproductive organs, potentially leading to conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women or epididymitis in men. Both conditions can obstruct fertility pathways.

In Women: Untreated chlamydia or gonorrhoea can ascend the reproductive tract, leading to PID. This condition can scar the fallopian tubes, making it difficult or impossible for an egg to reach the uterus, thus causing infertility.

In Men: These infections can lead to inflammation in the epididymis—a structure behind the testicles that stores sperm—potentially impairing sperm motility or causing permanent damage to the reproductive system.

The good news? Early detection and treatment through regular STD testing can significantly reduce these risks.

Myth: If I Don’t Have Symptoms, I Don’t Have an STD

One of the biggest misconceptions about STDs is that they always present noticeable symptoms. In reality, many STDs are asymptomatic, meaning they show no signs while silently causing damage. For example:

• Chlamydia: Known as a “silent” infection, chlamydia often has no symptoms, particularly in women.
• Gonorrhoea: While more likely to present symptoms in men, many women with gonorrhoea are unaware they’re infected.

Without symptoms, individuals may unknowingly spread these infections or let them progress to more severe stages. Regular screenings are the only way to detect and treat asymptomatic infections before they cause long-term complications, such as infertility. Learn more about STD symptoms to understand the subtle signs to watch out for.

Myth: Infertility Caused by STDs Is Irreversible

While untreated STDs can cause irreversible damage, early detection and timely medical intervention can often prevent infertility. For instance:

• Antibiotic treatments for bacterial infections like chlamydia or gonorrhoea can halt further damage if administered early.
• Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in-vitro fertilisation (IVF), can help couples conceive even if scarring has occurred.

However, prevention is always better than cure. Practices like using condoms consistently and undergoing regular screenings can help prevent infections in the first place. Safe sex practices remain one of the most effective ways to protect your reproductive health.

Myth: STDs Only Affect Women’s Fertility

While much attention is given to the effects of STDs on female fertility, men are equally vulnerable. In addition to epididymitis, infections like syphilis and untreated gonorrhoea can reduce sperm quality, count, and motility, making conception more difficult. Men with long-standing STDs may also develop chronic pain or scarring that impairs sexual function.

It’s critical for men to prioritise their sexual health by recognising the importance of STD prevention and seeking medical advice if symptoms appear.

Myth: All STDs Affect Fertility

Not all STDs have a direct impact on fertility, but that doesn’t mean they’re harmless. For example:

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): While HPV itself doesn’t directly cause infertility, it can lead to cervical changes or cancer, which may require treatments that affect fertility.
• Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Although herpes doesn’t cause infertility, its outbreaks can create stress and discomfort that may interfere with sexual activity and conception efforts.

It’s important to distinguish which STDs are more likely to pose fertility risks and to seek advice from an STD clinic for personalised guidance.

How Common Are STD-Related Fertility Issues in Singapore?

In Singapore, data shows that sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a public health concern. With rising awareness of sexual health, more people are getting tested, but stigma around STDs still deters many from seeking help early. Delayed treatment increases the risk of complications like infertility.

Educational efforts, combined with accessible healthcare options like HIV testing and STD treatment, are essential to reducing these risks. Shim Clinic offers confidential, non-judgmental testing and treatment options to support those concerned about their reproductive health.

Protecting Fertility: Practical Steps

Taking charge of your sexual health is the best way to safeguard your fertility. Here are actionable steps you can take:

1. Get Regular Screenings: Screening for common STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhoea can help catch infections early. Consider annual check-ups if you’re sexually active, especially with new or multiple partners.
2. Prioritise Safe Sex: Consistently using condoms can significantly reduce the risk of contracting STDs, though it’s not foolproof. Vaccines, such as those for HPV, are also valuable tools for prevention.
3. Seek Prompt Treatment: If you suspect an STD or experience unusual symptoms, visit a healthcare provider immediately. Early treatment can prevent complications that lead to infertility.
4. Communicate with Partners: Openly discuss sexual health with your partners. Encouraging mutual testing can help both parties protect their fertility.
5. Consult Specialists When Needed: For those already facing fertility challenges, consulting a fertility expert alongside an STD specialist can provide tailored solutions.

Moving Forward with Confidence

Understanding how STDs impact fertility allows you to make informed decisions about your health. By debunking myths, prioritising prevention, and seeking timely care, you can minimise risks and protect your reproductive future. Shim Clinic provides comprehensive services, including STD testing and prevention, HIV prevention, and treatment for related conditions.

If you’re looking for more information on safeguarding your fertility and sexual health, Shim Clinic offers guidance and support to help you take control of your well-being.